ON THE UNITY OF HUMAN NATURE IN ORTHODOX ANTHROPOLOGY
Abstract
Gregory of Nyssa is one of the first authors who undertook the task of finalizing the anthropological deed of Basil the Great. In his celebrated homilies, known as Hexameron, he elaborates on the issue about man’s creation, grounding his arguments on the Genesis book and interpreting the meaning and purpose of human life from an orthodox and hermeneutical point of view (Homilies X-XI). Man (Male and Female) was created in
such a way so as to be a worshipper of God’s three hypostases, without “dividing” this worship”. Man was created by God in His image, because man is created with soul, reason, autocracy and free will. Gregory of Nyssa points out that man (man and woman) has the innate quality to be created by God’s image, and the likeness is gained through our free will and choice to become similar to God. The power of this free will is dispersed among the entire humanity so as to come into operation through people in the battle to achieve likeness and subsequently God’s retribution. Interpreting further the biblical excerpt from the Genesis book containing God’s commandment “breed abundantly on the
earth, and be fruitful”, the Cappadocian theologian points out that man’s reproduction is twofold – it is of the body and the of the soul.
St. Gregory also explains why man is a microcosm. He is erect and is distinguished from the irrational living creatures. He differs from them not only in his most perfect bodily organs, but also mainly in that he is not preoccupied only with the “earthly issues” and is focused high above on the heavenly values, where Jesus Christ the Lord is! According to the Greek author C. Yannaras, in the legacy related to the Holy Scripture, man is presented as created according to God’s image, as well as a personal creature, because God is also established as a personal being. He mentions that what comprises God’s divinity is His personal being, the triple nature of His personal hypostases forming the Divine being – the Divine nature or essence – in love, i.e. in non-commitment to any necessity (C. Yannaras 1996, 93). And man was endowed with being a person, a personality, i.e. with existing in this same way. In his analysis and synthesis of the Fathers’ interpretation of the issue about God’s image, C. Yannaras claims that the Fathers’ desire was not to exhaust the content of God’s image in man, but to attain a generalization of the way in which man exists; in his
opinion, God’s image is revealed in the composite human hypostasis. And the human hypostasis is identified neither with the body, nor with the soul. Both the bodily and the psychical functions express, reveal and put the human hypostasis, what man is, in operation. In his desire to manifest the connection of the image with the likeness the same author characterises God’s image in man as a possibility to identify man’s existence with
God’s being as a communion (κοινωνία) in love.
The separation of the body and the soul at the moment of death is “against” nature to such a degree as the very death is, so the eventual and eternal survival of the soul is possible only if the whole person rises from the dead on the day of resurrection. The incarnated Logos with its redeeming death and resurrection like a new Adam gives the possibility to restore the harmony between soul and body so as to achieve the lost “image and likeness”.
References
2. Αναξαγόρου,Χρ.Τα πάθη και το ένθεο πάθος κατά τον Άγιο Γρηγόριο Παλαμά ,περιοδικό «Ορθόδοξη Παρουσία», Λεμεσός, περίοδος Απριλίου-Σεπτεμβρίου,1999.
3. Βασιλείου του Μεγάλου ,ΑΙ ΕΝΔΕΚΑ ΟΜΙΛΙΑΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΕΞΑΗΜΕΡΟΝ, Εκδ. Σωτηρίου Ν. Σχοινά, εν Βόλω,1963.
4. Αρχιμ. Βλάχος , Ι. Ανατολικά ,Τόμος Α΄, Κοινωνικά και θεολογικά κείμενα εμποτισμένα στο πνεύμα της ανατολής ,Εκδ. Ιερά Μονή Γενεθλίου της Θεοτόκου (Πελαγίας ),Λεβαδειά,1989.
5. Δαμασκηνός , Ι. Έκδοσης ακριβής της Ορθοδόξου πίστεως, Εκδ. Πουρνάρα ,Θεσσαλονίκη ,1976.
6. Киров, Димитър. Въведение в християнската антрополoгия, София, 1996.
7. Λόσκι,Βλ.Η μυστική θεολογία της ανατολικής Εκκλησίας, Θεσσαλονίκη ,1964.
8. Майендорф ,Й. Византийското богословие , София , 1995.
9. Ματσούκας ,Ν. Ιστορία της Βυζαντινής φιλοσοφίας ,Θεσσαλονίκη ,1994.
10. Петев И., Т. Коев, Д. Киров. Вяра и живот, В. Търново, 1994.
11. Ιερομόναχος Ραντοσαβλίεβιτς , Α. Το μυστήριον της Σωτηρίας κατά τον Άγιον
Μάξιμον τον Ομολογητήν ,Αθήναι,1975.
12. Θεοδώρου ,Α. Ελληνική Πατρολογία : Η διδασκαλία για την θέωση του ανθρώπου των ελλήνων Πατέρων της Εκκλησίας έως τον Ιωάννη Δαμασκηνό ,Αθήνα ,1956.
13. Христов, Любомир. Руският Логос (Философия и религия), София, 2000.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).